![]() ![]() In order to establish power, certain populations have been oppressed so others can advance. ![]() ![]() This hierarchical organization is an integral part of civil society. This categorization exemplifies how humans have created a hierarchical system in order to validate their own superiority. Throughout the history of the West, animals have been seen as instruments to be used or dangers to managed-either way as something "Other" than human. As the story progresses, animals reappear: a hog jumps in front of Michael's car, a serpent-bird guides Richie, and dogs are a part of Pop's past. From this moment, we understand Jojo's loss of innocence-Pop has decided that it is time for Jojo to take on some of the less glamorous household activities and better understand his painful family history. ![]() The novel opens with Pop instructing Jojo on how to butcher a goat. Leonie and Michael often cook meth, which signifies how their addiction overrides their parental responsibilities. However, cooking quickly takes on another meaning in the story. Jojo is also quick to like Al, Michael's lawyer, because he offers him spaghetti when Jojo first arrives at his house. Jojo is fond of Pop, who farms and cooks for the family. Jojo and Kayla are constantly hungry and develop positive associations with anyone that feeds them. Cooking reappears throughout the novel, signifying a desire for love, comfort, and nourishment. ![]()
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